Availability有效性
While not one of the analyses normally performed by analytical chemists, determination of the availability of a chemical species is often necessary. 虽然有效性分析通常不是由分析化学家进行的,但是确定化学物质的有效性是有必要的。
To exert a meaningful environmental effect, a pollutant species must almost always enter solution. 为了更好发挥环境效果,一个污染物必须总是进入溶液。
For instance, toxic compounds associated with airborne particles must be dissolved by lung fluids before either a local or systemic effect can be produced. 例如,有毒混合物和空中颗粒必须在产生局部或系统效果之前被肺液溶解。
Thus, laboratory-scale simulation of the availability characteristics of a chemical species can provide a necessary link between its presence and its eventual impact.因此，实验室范围的化学物种有效性特征的模拟可以提供一个关于它的存在与最终影响之间的联系。
Environmental effect环境影响
The final link in the analytical/environmental effects chain involves determination of the actual environment effect produced.在分析环境影响的链子中,最后一个连接包含了实际产生环境影响的鉴定。
In most cases, this involves some form of biological measurement or bioassay which determines the toxicological effect upon a biological organism.在大部分事件中,这包含了一些生物测定的形式或生物鉴定,以确定一个有机生物的毒性影响。
Due to the expense, complexity, and time-consuming nature of bioassays, it is usual to substitute a chemical analysis for purposes of monitoring toxicological effects, and in setting standards for compliance. 由于生物鉴定的花费,复杂性和耗时性，所以经常用化学分析代替监控毒理学的作用目的,同时要设定遵守的标准。
In doing so, however, it is necessary to establish a so-called dose-response relationship between the level of one or more pollutant species and the degree of toxic impact.然而,这样做的同时,是有必要建立一个关于一个或多个污染物的级别与毒性影响等级之间的作用–反应关系。
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