Unit 3 What is Waste Reduction/Waste Minimization? 什么是废物减量化，废物最少化
A great amount of time has been spent in the U.S. discussing the terminology of such words as source reduction, waste minimization, recycling and pollution prevention. EPA has provided the following definitions.
美国花费了大量的时间在讨论像资源减量化，废物最小化，循环和阻止污染这些术语上，EPA已经提供了以下的定义。
Source reduction: Any action that reduces the amount of waste exiting a process.
资源减量化：减少在于一个过程中的大量废物的任何行为。
This includes, for example, process changes, feedstock changes, improved housekeeping/management, and in-process recycling.它包括，例如，过程调整，原料调整，提高管理和回收内在循环。
Waste minimization: The reduction to the extent feasible, of waste that is generated or subsequently treated, stored, or disposed of.
废物最少化：产生的废物最大程度减少，然后处理，存储，或者处置。
It includes any source reduction or recycling activity of waste or the reduction in the toxicity of waste (or both) as long as the reduction is consistent with the goal of minimization of present and future threats to human health and the environment.
它包括了被导致了只要减量化与现在或将来威胁到人类健康和环境的最小化的目标一致的总容量或废物数量的减少或者废物毒性的减少，或者两方面兼备的发生器承担任何资源减量化或循环的活动。
Recycling : The use or reuse of a waste as a substitute for a commercial product or as a feedstock to an industrial process.
回收：作为一个商业产品的代替品，或作为一个工业过程的原料的利用或再利用。
This includes the on-or off-site reclamation of useful fractions of a waste or the removal of contaminants from a waste to allow reuse.
它包括了废物的有用的小部分或来自允许再用的去除了污染物的废物的在现场或离开现场的回收利用。
Pollution prevention: Pollution may be generated during manufacturing, or when certain products are used commercially or by consumers.
污染的防止：污染可能在生产过程之中产生，或者在当一个产品被用作商业用途或被消费者使用的时候产生。
This may be prevented in three ways: changing inputs/reducing reliance on toxic or hazardous raw materials; process changes /increasing efficiency/improved maintenance such as equipment modifications, better housekeeping, in-process closed-loop recycling; or changing outputs/reducing reliance on toxic or hazardous products.
这样可能在三个方式上被阻止：改变投入/减少依赖有毒物或有害的原材料；改变过程/增加效率/提高类似设备修改的维修保养，更好的管理，在过程中闭环循环；或者改变产出/减小对有毒或者有害产品的依赖。
With the passage of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act in 1984, the U.S. Congress established a national policy declaring the importance of reducing or eliminating the generation of hazardous waste.
随着1984年危险废物和固体废物修正案资源保护和恢复法的通过，美国国会建立一个国家政策来表明回收或消除危险废物的产生重要性。
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