第四章 Definition and Interpretation 翻译技巧
词类转换
按照汉语的表达习惯，有时候英语的名词需要译成汉语的动词，有时候英语的形容词需要转换为汉语的浮词，甚至在有些情况下英语的介词也可以译做汉语的动词。
英语 名词——动词 汉语 形容词——副词
这是因为汉语句子里动词非常活跃，一句话里可以出现好几个动词，而英语则不然，一个句子只能有一个谓语动词。
相关翻译
1．”Affiliate” means any person or company that directly or indirectly controls a Party or is directly or indirectly controlled by a Party, including a Party’s parent or subsidiary, or is under direct or indirect common control with such Party. For the purpose of this Agreement, “control” shall mean either the ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the ordinary share capital of the company carrying the right to vote at general meetings or the power to nominate a majority of the board of directors of the Company. for the purpose of this Agreement = in this Agreement 在本协议中 general meetings = shareholders general meetings
股东大会 “关联公司”指直接或间接控制一方（包括其母公司或子公司）或受一方直接或间接控制，或与该方共同受直接或间接控制的任何人或公司。在本协议中，“控制”系指拥有在股东大会上有投票权的百分之五十（50%）或以上的公司普通股股本，或拥有任命公司董事会多数董事的权利。
2. “Proprietary Know-how” shall mean processes, methods and manufacturing techniques, experience and other information and materials including but not limited to the Technical Information and Technical Assitance supplied or rendered by the Lisensor to the Lisensee hereunder which have been developed by and are known to the Lisensor on the date hereof and/of which may be further developed by the Lisensor or become known to it during the continuance of this Agreement excepting, however, any secret know-how aquired by the Licensor from third parties which the Licensor is precluded from disclosing to the Licensee.
“专有技术”指本协议签订之日，已由许可方开发和为许可方所知，和/或在本协议持续期间可能由许可方继一部开发和为许可方获知的工序、方法、生产技术、经验及其他信息和资料，包括但不限于许可方根据本协议向被许可方提供的技术信息和技术协助，但许可方从第三方获得的不允许向被许可方披露的任何秘密技术除外。
3．” Proprietary Information” means the information, whether patenable or not, disclosed to the CJV by neither Party or its Affiliates or disclosed by the CJV to either Party or its Affiliates during the term of this Contract, including technology, inventions, creations, know-how, formulations, recipes, specifications, designs, methods, processes, techniques, data, rights, devices, drawings , instructions, expertise, trade practices, trade secrets and such commercial, economic, financial or other information as is generally treated as confidential by the disclosing Party, its Affiliates, or the CJV, as the case may be; provided that when such information is in unwritten or intangible form, the disclosing Party, its Affilates or the CJV shall, within one month of making the disclosure, provide the other Party and/or the CJV with a written confirmation that such information constitues its Proprietary Information.
“专有信息”指在本合同期内，任何一方或其关联公司向合作经营企业披露的、或合作经营企业向任何一方或其关联公司披露的不论可否获得专利的信息，包括技术、发明、创造、诀窍、配制、配方、规格、设计、方法、工序、工艺、数据、权利、装置、图样、知识、专门知识、商业惯例、商业机密以及披露放，其关联公司或合作经营企业（视情况而定）通常视为机密的商业、经济、财务或其他信息；但是，如果该等信息不是以书面或有形形式披露的，披露方、其关联公司或合作经营企业应在披露后一个月内，向另一方和/或合作经营企业提供该等信息系其专有信息的书面确认。
4. “Encumbrances” include any option, right to acquire, right of preemption, mortgage, charge, pledge, lien, hypothecation, title creation, right of set-off, counterclaim, trust arrangemnet or other security or any equity or restriction (including any relevant restriction imposed under the relevant law.)
“权力负担”包括期权、收购权、优先权、抵押、押记、质押、留置、押汇、所有权的产生、抵付权、反诉、信托安排或其他担保、或股权、限制（包括有关法律规定的任何有关限制。）
5. In this Agreement, unless the context otherwise requires: (a) headings are for convenience only and shall not affect the interpretation fo this Agreement; (b) words importing the singular include the plural and vice versa; (c) words importing a gender include any gender; (d) an expression importing a natural person includes any company, partnership, joint venture, association, corporation or other body corporate and any governmental agency; (e) a reference to any law, regulation or rule includes all laws, regulations, or rules amendin, consolidating or replacing them, and a reference to a law includes all regulations and rules under that law; (f) a reference to a document includes an amendment or supplement to , or replacement or novation of, that document; (g) a reference to a party to any document includes that party’s successors and permitted assigns; (h) a reference o an agreement includes an undertaking, agreement or legally enforceable arrangement or understanding whether or not in writing; (i) a warranty, representation, undertaking, indemnity, convenant or agreement on the party of two or more persons binds them jointly and severally; and (j) the schedules, annexures and appendices to this Agreement shall form an integral part of this Agreement.
在本协议中，除非上下文另有要求， （a） 标题仅为行文方便而设， 并不影响对本协议的解释 （b） 单数词包含其复数，反之亦然。 （c） 单一性别的词包含其各种性别 （d） 自然人的含义包括公司、合伙企业、合营企业、关联企业、法人团体或其他法人和政府机构 （e） 凡提到的任何法律、法规或条例，包括修正、合并或替代该等法律、法规或条例的一切法律、法规或条例，凡提到的某一法律，包括根据法律项下的一切法规和条例。 （f） 凡提到的文件，包括该文件的修正件、补充件或替代件 （g） 凡提到的文件的一方，包括该方的继承人和被许可的受让人 （h） 凡提到的协议，包括承诺、约定或法律上可强制执行的安排或谅解，无论是不是书面形式 （i） 两人或两人以上的保证、陈述、承诺、赔偿、约定或协议，各人共同和分别受其约束 （j） 本协议的附表、附录和附件构成本协议不可分割的部分。
如果您需要翻译，请拨打400 688 3621或者发邮件至alice.han@translationinchina.com,或访问至尚翻译公司网址：http://www.translationinchina.com
Should you need our service, please feel free to call 400 688 3621 or send email to:alice.han@translationinchina.com or visit SIS Shanghai Translation Company Website http://www.translationinchina.com