Environmental Disturbances环境扰乱
Many major improvements to our standard of living can be attributed to the application of science and technology. 我们的生活水平的许多重大改进，可以归因于科学和技术的应用。
A few examples are noted here. Can you think of others? 这里举几个例子，你可以想到其他例子吗？
●●●●The production of more and better quality food 生产更多更好的优质食品
●●●●The creation of housing as protection from extremes from climates and as living space 创造能避免极端的气候的保护所和生活空间
●●●●The building of fast and reliable means of transportation 建设快速和可靠的运输方式
●●●●The invention of various systems of communication发明各种通信系统
●●●●The invention of machines to replace human or animal power 发明机器来取代人类或动物体力
●●●●The supply of safe water and the disposal of wastes 安全水的供应和废物处理
●●●●The elimination of many infectious diseases 消灭多种传染疾病
●●●●The elimination of most waterborne diseases in the developed world through improved water technology 在多数发达国家中通过改善水技术来消除大部分水源性疾病
●●●●The availability of leisure time through greater productivity, providing the opportunity for cultural and recreational activities 通过提高生产力，腾出闲暇时间，为进行文化和娱乐活动提供机会
●●●●The protection from the worst effects of natural disasters such as floods, droughts, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. 防止最严重的自然灾害的影响，如洪水，干旱，地震和火山爆发
With these improvements, however, have come disturbing side effects, such as lost arable land, disappearing forests, environmental pollution, and new organisms resistant to controls.然而,随着(科学技术的)发展,产生了不良的副作用,比如,可耕地丢失,森林消失,环境污染,微生物滋长.
Many effects originally considered to be just nuisances are now recognized as potential threats to nature and to humans.起初只是让我们觉得讨厌的许多事物现在被认为对自然和人类存在的潜在威胁。
In an agrarian society, people lived essentially in harmony with mature, raising food, gathering firewood, and making clothing and tools from the land.在农业社会，人们基本上能与自然和谐地相处,他们在陆地上种植食物,收集木材,做衣服和工具。
The wastes from animals and humans were returned to the soil as fertilizer. Few, if any, problems of water, land, or air pollution occurred.动物和人类排放的废物作为肥料又返到土地中。很少有水污染、土地污染、和空气污染问题产生。
The cities of ancient times, particularly those of the Roman Empire, had systems to supply water and to dispose of wastes.在古代的城市，特别是像罗马帝国那类，就已经存在供水系统和处置废物系统。
The aqueducts supplying the ancient city of Rome (population about 1 million) with safe water from the Cloaca Maxima, the best known and one of the earliest sewers to be built, are examples of such systems.从一个最早建成之一且最有名的污水管之一—古罗马大排泄沟，向古代的罗马城市提供安全的水的渠道，就是这样的系统的例子。
The municipal technology of ancient cities seems to have been forgotten for many centuries by those who built cities throughout Europe.古代的城市的市政技术似乎已经被那些在整个欧洲建设城市的人遗忘了。
Water supply and waste disposal were neglected, resulting in many outbreaks of the nineteenth century, it was not realized that improper wastes disposal polluted water supplies with disease-carrying organisms.供水和废物处置的忽略，导致爆发了许多疾病，如痢疾、霍乱、伤寒和其它水传染的疾病。
The industrial revolution in nineteenth-century Britain, Europe, and North America aggravated the environmental problems since it brought increased urbanization.直到19世纪中期，人们才意识到废物的不正确处置导致引起疾病的微生物污染了。
Both phenomena, urbanization and industrialization, were and are fundamental cause of water and air pollution which the cities of that time were unable to handle. 19世纪在英国、欧洲和北美的工业革命带来了工业化和城市化的增加，也加重了环境问题。城市化和工业化在过去和现在都是引起水和空气污染的根本原因，这在当时的城市还不能够处理。
、Rapid advances in technology for the treatment of water and the partial treatment of wastewater took place in the developed countries over the next few decades. This led to a dramatic decrease in the incidence of waterborne diseases.在接下来的几十年，废水处理和废水的部分处理技术在发达国家快速发展，这导致水传染疾病的发生率大量地减少病。
Note that all wastes discharge into environment, and thus pollute out water, air, and land system.注意，所有的废物排放到环境中都会污染我们的水、空气和土地系统。
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