第十四章 英汉语言的对比与翻译
英汉两种语言之间异多于同，本章主要就英汉两种语言各自的衔接手段以及英语的形合同汉语的意合进行对比。谈到衔接（conhesion）手段，我们马上就会将它同语篇联系在一起。商务英语的语篇也主要是依靠语法衔接和词汇衔接这两种手段组成的。
衔接（conhesion）词语可划分下面几种类型：
1．照应
2．词汇衔接
1）Jesse opened his eyes. They were filled with tears.(指代) 杰西睁开眼睛，眼里充满了泪水。
2）Come to my office and have a talk with me whenever you are free.（关系副词） 你什么时候有空，就什么时候到我办公室来谈一谈。
3）On Sunday afternoon, some reviewed their lessons, and others helped the cooks in their work.（用some … and others，some…others连用的句子） 星期日下午，复习功课的复习功课，帮厨的帮厨。
3．连接
Nowadays, under the new tuition system, an increasing number of students, especially those poverty-stricken students, now seem to be defeated by the crushing tuition burden. Therefore , many people complain that the new tuition system keeps poverty-stricken students away from college. However , in my opinion, the new tuition system does add much difficulties to the poor students but it will never keeps them away from college. First, in carrying out the new tuition system, the governmental should provide some special policy for poor student. Besides, they are entitled to take a loan from banks or do some part-time jobs during their spare time, such as weekends and holidays. Finally, they can try to win scholarship by additional efforts. In short , man proposes, and God disposes. No one will be kept out of college due to financial burden unless he is defeated by himself.上面的一段话使用的是过度衔接词
4．替代
例如：
1）Ours will no longer be a nation subject to insult and humiliation. We have stood up. (ours名词性替代) 我们的民族将再也不是被人侮辱的民族了，我们已经站起来了。
2）You should help him since you have promised to do so.（do动词性替代） 你答应了帮助他就应当帮助他。
3）The Chinese people are brave, so is the Communist Party of China, and they are determined to liberate all China.（so替代表语） 中国人是勇敢的，中国共产党也是勇敢的，他们一定要解放全中国。
5.省略（本书第四章讲过增词和减词）
1）Reading makes a full man; conference (…) a ready man, writing (…) an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人准确。(汉译时增补原文句子中所省略的动词。)
2）We don’t retreat, we never have (…) and never will (…) . 我们不后退，我们从没有后退，将来也决不后退。(汉译时增补原文句子中所省略的动词。)
3）Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own. 从别人的失败中吸取教训比从时自己的失败中吸取教训更好。 （汉译时增补原文比较句中所省略部分。 原文全句应是：It is better to be wise by the defeat of others tan to be wise by the defeat of your own.）
4) He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing. 他耸耸（……）肩，摇摇（……）头， （……）两眼看天，一句话不说。 （英语中的物主代词，汉译时往往可以省略。）
5) There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead. 天未下雪，但叶落草枯。（如果不省略而译成“……树叶从树上落下来，草也枯死了”，就远不如“……叶落草枯” 简明洗炼。
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