第十章 英语从句的翻译 Translation of clauses
一、定语从句的翻译 英语中定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。两者之间的区别在于限制意义是强还是弱，前者的限制意义很强，后者的限制意义很弱。定语从句在商务英语中应用较广泛。一般有三种翻译方法：合并法、分译法和混合法。
1．合并法 (1)Pollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with. 污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。
(2) If the Buyer is unable to sell out the amount of goods which he has agreed to purchase from the Seller, the Buyer may reduce the quantity of goods to be delivered to him by giving written notice thereof to the Seller before the shipment is made. 如果买方不能销售他已同意从卖方所购数量的货物，买方可以书面通知卖方减少发货数量，再要求卖方发货。
(3) Party B guarantees that the technical documents to be supplied by Party B are the latest technical information which has been put into practical used by Party B. 乙方保证所提供的技术资料是经过实际使用的最新技术资料。
(4)Shipment shall be commenced within 10 months counting from the date when the contract has come into force and completed within 16months. 自合同生效之日起计算，10个月内装运，16个月内交付完毕。
(5) The party, who sets up a breach of the Contract, shall be under a duty to take all necessary measures to mitigate the loss which has occurred. A违反合同的一方有责任采取所有必要的措施减轻已经发生的损失。
（6）There was another man who seemed to have answer, and that was Robert McNamara. 另外一个人似乎胸有成竹,那就是麦克纳马拉。
2.分译法 (1)A fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat. 燃料是一种物质，在适当温度下能燃烧并放出热量。
(2)A healthy diet includes enough but too many kinds of foods that provide thee body with the nutrients that it needs to function properly. 健康的饮食包括的食物应该充足但不过多。这些食物提供身体正常活动所必需的营养。
(3) The combination of satellites, which transmit information, computer, which store information, and television, which displays information will change every home into and education and entertainment center. 传输信息的卫星，储存信息的电脑，显示信息的电视三者的结合会把每一个家庭变成一个教育和娱乐中心。
(4)The Seller ensure that all the equipment listed in Appendix One to the Contract are brand-new products whose performance shall be in conformity with the Contract and which are manufactured according to current Chinese National Standards or Manufacture’s Standard. 卖方保证本合同附件一所列全部设备都是新产品，是根据现行的中国国家标准，或生产厂的标准制造的，其性能符合合同规定。
3． 混合法（混合法是把原句中的主语和从句溶合在一起译成一个独立的句子）
(1)We used a plane of which almost every part carried some identification of national identity. 我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件都有国籍的某些标志。。。。
(2)Fortunately, there are some chemical fuel that are clean and smokeless. 幸好有些化学燃料是洁净无烟的。
(3)There was another man who seemed to have answers, and that was Robert MeNamara. 另外一个人似乎胸有成竹,那就是麦克纳马拉。
二、同位语从句
1．保持原文的语序 He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again. 他表示期望能再来中国访问。
We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 我们不是在调查他是否可以信任的问题。
2．译为类似定语的结构或独成一句 Yet, from the beginning the fact that I was alive was ignored. 然而，从一开始，我仍活着这个事实却偏偏被忽视了。 It does not alter the fact that he is the man responsible for the delay. 迟延应由他负责，这个事实是改变不了的。
3．加入冒号、破折号或“这样”、“这一”、“即”等字眼进行翻译 But considering realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good. 但是现实考虑一下，我们不得不正视这样一个事实：我们的前景并不妙。
That fact that the gravity of the earth pulls everything towards the center of the earth explains many things. 地球引力把一切东西都吸向地心这一事实解释了许多现象。
Not long ago the scientists made an exciting discovery that this “waste” material could be turned into plastics. 不久以前，科学家们有了一个令人振奋的发现，即可以把这种废物变成塑料。
4．改变原文的同位语结构，用汉语的无主句或其他方式译出 An order has been given that the researchers who are now in the skylab should be sent back. 已下命令将现在在航天实验室里的研究人员送回来。
Even the most precisely conducted experiments offer no hope that the result can be obtained without any error. 即使是最精确的实验，也没有希望获得无任何误差的实验结果。
However, the writing of chemical symbols in the form of an equation does not give any assurance that the reaction shown will actually occur. 但是，将化学符号写成反应式，并不意味着所表示的反应确实会发生。 And there was the possibility that a small electrical sport might accidentally bypass the most carefully planned circuit. 而且总有这种可能性—- 一个小小的电火花,可能会意外地绕过了最为精心设计的线路.
三、状语从句的翻译 英语状语和状语从句的功能可表示时间、地点、原因、条件、让步和目的等。
（He had scarcely handed me the later when he asked me to read it. 他把信一交给我，就叫我念给他听。
e.g. Make a mark where you have any doubts or questions. 在有疑问的地方做个记号。
e.g. The crops failed because the season was dry. 因为气候干燥，作物欠收。
e.g. Granted the this true, what conclusion can you draw? 假设这是实际情况，你又能得出什么结论呢。
e.g. While this is true of some, it is not true of all. 虽然有一部分是真的，但不见得都是真的。
e.g. We should star early so that we might get there before noon. 我们应当早点动身，这样就能在正午之前赶到那里。 但在商务英语中，特别是在国际商务合同中，商务合同是合同各方就相互权利义务达成一致意见而订立的书面文件。这种书面文件主要约定双方应享有的权利和应履行的义务，但这种权利的行使和义务的履行，均附有各种条件。当条件成熟时，当事人的权利才能实现，或义务方可履行。
1．状语
(1) in case of e.g. In case of quality discrepancy, claims shall be filed by the Buyer within 30 days after the arrival of the goods at the port of destination. 若发生质量索赔，买方的索赔必须在货物到达目的港的30天内提出。
(2) in the event of e.g. In the event of graft or serious dereliction of duty on the part of the general manager and/or deputy general managers, the Board of Directors shall have the power to dismiss them at will. 若总经理和/或副总经理有营私舞弊或严重失职时，董事会有权随时将其撤换。
(3) in consideration of 考虑到； 鉴于； 由于 e.g. In consideration of the Licenses and technical assistance provided herein, the Joint Venture Company shall pay Party A technical assistance fees in USD. 考虑到许可以及在此提供的技术援助，合资公司将以美圆的方式支付甲方技术援助费。
(4) subject to 在……条件下；根据…..规定；在…..规定的范围内；以……为有效。 e.g. Subject to the terms to this Agreement, the Producer agrees to be bound by the terms to the following markrting agreement. 在本协议的条件下，制造商同意接受下列销售协议各项条款的约束。 2．状语从句
（1）If the Force Majeure event lasts over 60 days, the Buyer shall have the right to cancel the Contract or the undelivered part of the Contract. 若不可抗力事件持续60天以上，买方有权撤消本合同或合同中未完成的部分。
（2）In case no settlement can be reached through negotiation, the case shall then be submitted to Arbitration Tribunal of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce in accordance with the Arbitration Rules and Pricedure of the said Tribunal. 如通过协商仍不能达成协议时，应提交斯德哥尔摩商会仲裁院，根据该院的仲裁规则和程序进行仲裁。
（3）In the event that deficiencies in the Equipment become evident, such deficiencies shall be corrected by ABC during the two days per week during which the Purchaser will not be testing. 若发现设备有缺陷，应由ABC用每周买方不进行试验的这两天时间对设备予以校正。
（4）Should any of the stipulations to the Contract be altered, amended, supplemented or deleted, the same shall be negotiated between and agreed upon by both parties and written documents shall be sighed by the representatives of both parties. 本合同条款的任何变更、修改或增删，须经双方协商同意，并由双方代表签署书面文件为有效。
（5）Neither party shall have the right to represent the other party unless otherwise arranged. 除另有安排者外，任何一方无权代表另一方。（unless从句中的主语和动词常be省去。）
（6）We can sell a lot of garments provided that your price is highly competitive. 如果你方价格很有竞争性，我方就可大量出售。
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