第六章 英语翻译中的词类转换法
英汉两种语言的使用范围和表达方式不尽相同,翻译时有些句子可以逐词(word-for-word)对译,如:She is a beautiful girl.“她是个漂亮姑娘。”此译文中的词性基本上与英语相当。但在大多数情况下,翻译句子时不能逐渐词对译,如:He is a liar. 就不能直译为“他是个说谎的人,”因为汉语习惯不这样说,可译为“他爱说谎。”这样,汉语各词的词性与英语就不对应了。又如:He took his students to the factory for a visit. “他带学生到到到到工厂去参观。” 原文中只有一个动词took,译成汉语后却出现了4个动词。可见在翻译中,有时要把原文的一种词转换成译入语的另一种词类。随着词类的变化,句子的结构也产生了变化。 一、转译成汉语动词 在英译汉时,英语中的许多意思都可以用汉语的动词来表达。
例如: 1)We mustn’t lose sight of the fact that air pollution is going from bad to worse in our city.(名词转译成汉语动词) 我们不能忽略这一事实,空气污染在我们城市中日益严重。 (具备动词概念的名词)
2)The airline has been in operation for many years.(名词转译成汉语动词) 这家航空公司已经营多年。
3)Do you see the boy in blue? (介词转译成汉语动词) 你看见那位穿蓝衣服的男孩子吗?
4)We were all in favor of his suggestion. (介词转译成汉语动词) 我们全体赞成他的建议。
5)Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.(形容词转译成汉语动词) 医生们说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。
6)He was not aware of her presence till she spoke to him.(形容词转译成汉语动词) 直到她开口说话他才意识到她在面前。 英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词,在系动词后做表语,往往可转译成汉语动词。常见的形容词有“confident, certain, careful, cautious, angry, sure, glad, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, sorry, delighted, ashamed, thankful, anxious, grateful, able…”
7) She opened the window to let fresh air in. (副词转译成汉语动词) 她把窗户打开,让新鲜空气进来。
二、转译成汉语名词
1. 动词译成汉语名词
1)Formality has always characterized their relationship. 他们之间的关系,有一个特点,就是以礼相待。
2)This store features round-the-clock service. 这家商店的特点是昼夜服务。
3)Your work is characterized by lack of attention to detail. 你工作的毛病是不注意细节(或:粗心大意)。 如果英语动词译成汉语动词时跟前后的修饰语不好搭配;或搭配起来不符合汉语习惯,可以把动词译成名词,再在名词前加上与之搭配的动词。
4)The youths always dream fondly of their future. 年轻人对前途总是怀有美好的梦想。
5) Independent observers have commented favorably on the achievements you have made in this direction. 有独立见解的观察家们对你们在这方面所取得的成就给予给予给予给予了很高的评价评价评价评价。
2. 形容词译成汉语名词
1)They did their best to help the sick and the wounded. 他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。
2)Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protested the poor. 罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨阔人热爱并保护穷人。
3)Steven was eloquent and elegant— but soft. 史蒂文森有口才,有风度。
三、其他转译法
1) You are a greater blockhead than I had supposed you to be. 你比我所想象得要傻的多。(名词 → 形容词)
2) His address impressed me deeply. 他的话给我留下很深的印象。(副 → 形容词)
3) He is the right man I’m looking for. 他正是我要找的人。(形 → 副词)
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