Ceramics and Glasses 陶瓷和玻璃
A ceramic is often broadly defined as any inorganic nonmetallic material By this definition, ceramic materials would also include glasses; however, many materials scientists add the stipulation that “ceramic” must also be crystalline.
陶瓷通常被概括地定义为无机的非金属材料。照此定义陶瓷材料也应包括玻璃然而许多材料科学家添加了“陶瓷”必须同时是晶体物组成的约定。
A glass is an inorganic nonmetallic material that does not have a crystalline structure. Such materials are said to be amorphous.
玻璃是没有晶体状结构的无机非金属材料。这种材料被称为非结晶质材料。
Properties of Ceramics and Glasses
Some of the useful properties of ceramics and glasses include high melting temperature, low density, high strength, stiffness, hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance.、
陶瓷和玻璃的特性
高熔点、低密度、高强度、高刚度、高硬度、高耐磨性和抗腐蚀性是陶瓷和玻璃的一些有用特性。
Many ceramics are good electrical and thermal insulators. Some ceramics have special properties: some ceramics are magnetic materials; some are piezoelectric materials; and a few special ceramics are superconductors at very low temperatures. Ceramics and glasses have one major drawback: they are brittle.
许多陶瓷都是电和热的良绝缘体。某些陶瓷还具有一些特殊性能有些是磁性材料有些是压电材料还有些特殊陶瓷在极低温度下是超导体。陶瓷和玻璃都有一个主要的缺点它们容易破碎。
Ceramics are not typically formed from the melt. This is because most ceramics will crack extensively (i.e. form a powder) upon cooling from the liquid state.
陶瓷一般不是由熔化形成的。因为大多数陶瓷在从液态冷却时将会完全破碎(即形成粉末)。
Hence, all the simple and efficient manufacturing techniques used for glass production such as casting and blowing, which involve the molten state, cannot be used for the production of crystalline ceramics. Instead, “sintering” or “firing” is the process typically used.
因此所有用于玻璃生产的简单有效的—诸如浇铸和吹制这些涉及熔化的技术都不能用于由晶体物组成的陶瓷的生产。作为替代一般采用“烧结”或“焙烧”工艺。
In sintering, ceramic powders are processed into compacted shapes and then heated to temperatures just below the melting point. At such temperatures, the powders react internally to remove porosity and fully dense articles can be obtained.
在烧结过程中陶瓷粉末先挤压成型然后加热到略低于熔点温度。在这样的温度下粉末内部起反应去除孔隙并得到十分致密的物品。
An optical fiber contains three layers: a core made of highly pure glass with a high refractive index for the light to travel, a middle layer of glass with a lower refractive index known as the cladding which protects the core glass from scratches and other surface imperfections, and an out polymer jacket to protect the fiber from damage.
光导纤维有三层核心由高折射指数高纯光传输玻璃制成中间层为低折射指数玻璃是保护核心玻璃表面不被擦伤和完整性不被破坏的所谓覆层外层是聚合物护套用于保护光导纤维不受损。
In order for the core glass to have a higher refractive index than the cladding, the core glass is doped with a small, controlled amount of an impurity, or dopant, which causes light to travel slower, but does not absorb the light.
为了使核心玻璃有比覆层大的折射指数在其中掺入微小的、可控数量的能减缓光速而不会吸收光线的杂质或搀杂剂。
Because the refractive index of the core glass is greater than that of the cladding, light traveling in the core glass will remain in the core glass due to total internal reflection as long as the light strikes the core/cladding interface at an angle greater than the critical angle.
由于核心玻璃的折射指数比覆层大只要在全内反射过程中光线照射核心/覆层分界面的角度比临界角大在核心玻璃中传送的光线将仍保留在核心玻璃中。
The total internal reflection phenomenon, as well as the high purity of the core glass, enables light to travel long distances with little loss of intensity.
全内反射现象与核心玻璃的高纯度一样使光线几乎无强度损耗传递长距离成为可能。
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