Other software developments during the first computer generation include the design of the FORTRAN programming language in 1957. This language became the first widely used high-level language. Also, the first simple operating systems became available with first-generation computers.在第一代计算机期间,软件方面的其他的进展包括1957年FORTRAN语言的设计。这种语言成为第一种广泛使用的高级语言。同时,第一个简单的操作系统随着第一代计算机而出现。
In the second generation of computers, transistors replaced vacuum tubes. Although invented in 1948,the first all-transistor computer did not become available until 1959.Transistors are smaller and less expensive than vacuum tubes, and theyoperate faster and produce less heat. Hence, with second-generation computers, the size and cost of computers decreased, their speed increased, and their air-conditioning needs were reduced.在第二代计算机中，晶体管取代了真空管。虽然发明于1948年,但第一台全晶体管计算机直到1959年才成为现实。晶体管比真空管体积小、价格低，而且运行快而发热少。因此，随着第二代计算机的出现，计算机的体积和成本降低、速度提高，且它们对空调的需要减少。
Manycompanies that had not previously sold computer entered the industry with the second generation. One of these companies that still makes computers is Control Data Corporation (CDC). They were noted for making high-speed computers for scientific work.许多先前不经销计算机的公司随着第二代计算机的出现进入计算机行业，其中今天仍然制造计算机的公司之一是控制数据公司(CDC),他们以制造用于科学工作的高速计算机而著名。
Remintong Rand,now called Sperr-Rand Corporation, made several second-generation UNIVAC computers.IBM,however, continued to dominate the industry.One of the most popular second-generation computers was the IBM 1401, which was a medium-sized computer used by many businesses. Remintong Rand,现在叫做Sperr-Rand公司,制造了一些第二代UNIVAC计算机。然而，IBM继续称霸计算机行业。最流行的第二代计算机之一是IBM1401,这是一部许多企业使用的中型计算机。
All computers at this time were mainframe computers costing over a million dollars.The first minicomputer became available in 1960 and cost about $120,000. This was the PDP-1, manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC).当时所有的计算机都是价值百万元以上的大型计算机。第一台小型计算机产生于1960年，价值12万美元，它就是由数据设备公司(DEC)制造的PDP-1。
Software also continued to develop during this time.Many new programming languages were designed, including COBOL in 1960. More and more businesses and organizations were beginning to use computers for their data processing needs.在此期间软件也在继续发展。许多新的编程语言被发明,包括1960年发明的COBOL。越来越多的企业和组织开始使用计算机以满足他们的数据处理需要。
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