第七章 英汉翻译中的词义的引申
英译汉时,有时会遇到某些词在英语词典上找不到适当的词义,如任意硬套或逐词死译,会使译文生硬晦涩,不能确切表达原意,甚至造成误解。这时就应根据上下文和逻辑关系,从该词的根本含义出发,进一步加以引申,选择比较恰当的汉语词来表达。所谓的引申,就是根据上下文的内在联系,通过句中词或词组乃至整句的字面意义由表及里,运用一些符合汉语习惯的表现法,选用确切的汉语词句,将原文内容的实质准确地表达出来。
1. 逻辑引申(参看书中解释) 逻辑引申是指在翻译过程中, 利用直译方法时, 译文不通顺以及不符合目的语的表达习惯,因而就要根据上下文的逻辑关系,对该词、短语或整个句子从其基本意义出发,由表及里,运用符合目的语习惯的表现法,选用确切的词句,将原文内容的实质准确地表达出来。
例如: 1)I’ve been slaving all these years just to make money for them. (抽象词具体化) 我半世的辛苦,全是替他们做马牛。
2)Others are conceited; having picked up some book-phrases, they think themselves terrific and are very cocky, but whenever a storm blows up, they take a stand very different from that of the workers and thegreat majority of the working peasants. 还有些人很骄傲,读了几句书,自以为了不起,尾巴翘到天上去了, 可是一遇到风浪,他们的立场,比起工人和大多数劳动农民来,就显得大不相同。(《毛泽东选集》五卷407页)cocky(骄傲自大) (具体词抽象化)
3)After that long talk, Jim became the sun in her heart. 那次长谈之后,吉姆成了她心中的太阳。(暗喻)
4) Every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜有苦。(这里把roses玫瑰 and thorns刺两个具体形象引申为两个形象所代表的属性:甜和苦)
5)Fatty’s Restaurant had become an institution in his life in the last seven years. 去发体餐厅就餐,七年来已成了他生活中惯常的事情。
2. 语用引申 把原文的 玄外之音(implication)补译出来,这是属于语用学引伸的手法。补译的词语是根据原文的语用学意义增添上去的,为的是避免译文晦涩费解。
1) The new father wore a proud smile.
2) With their heavy winter clothing changed for lighter spring wear they could leap or crouch down much more freely and nimbly. 脱掉棉衣换上春装的人们,好像卸下了千斤重载,真是蹿跳觉得轻松,爬起卧到感到利落。(冯志《敌后武工队》)原文 笨重、 轻便两词,含蓄地表达了“卸下了千斤重载卸下了千斤重载卸下了千斤重载卸下了千斤重载””””的含义,(此句是补译)
3. 修词引伸
4....概念范围的调整
5....词义引伸的层次 简化为三层
6. 词义的褒贬 英译汉时, 原文中有些词本身就表示褒贬意义, 就应该把褒贬意义表相应地表达出来,但有些词语孤立起来看似乎是中性的, 译成汉语时就要根据上下文恰如其分地把它们的褒义或贬义表达出来。
1)He was a man of high renown (fame). 他是位有名望的人。(褒)
2)The task carried out by them are praiseworthy. 他们进行的事业是值得赞扬的。(褒)
3)His notoriety as rake did not come until his death. 他作为流氓的、恶名是他死后才传开来的。(贬)
4)We were shocked by his course manners. 我们对他的粗暴态度感到震惊。(贬)
5) Once early in 1974, while driving along the San Diego Free-way from Clement to Los Angeles, he was asked to reflect on his hopes and ambitions. 一九七四年初,有人同他一起驱车从克利门蒂沿圣地亚哥公路去洛山矶,途中请他谈了他的希望和抱负。(中性词褒义
) AS a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication from his employees. 他是个苛刻苛刻苛刻苛刻的老板,要求手下的人对他忠心耿耿,鞠躬尽瘁。(中性词贬义)
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